The project grew out of talks with the Russians to reduce their nuclear arsenals after the cold war. The plant on the Savannah River Site, once devoted to the production of plutonium for weapons, would now be deadly excess of America for peaceful purposes. Mixed with uranium, the usual reactor fuel, plutonium would be transformed into a new fuel known as mixed oxide, or mox.
"We are literally turning swords into plowshares," an of getting project, Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, said at a hearing on Capitol Hill last week.
But, 11 years after the Government awarded a construction contract, the cost of the project has exploded to nearly $ 5 billion. The broad structure of concrete and steel is a half finished hulk, and the Government has yet to find a single client, despite offers of lucrative grants.
Now, the nuclear crisis to the Japan has intensified that a conflict of long duration on the rationale of the project.
One of the stricken Japanese reactors at Fukushima Daiichi plant uses mox fuel. And while no there was no evidence of dangerous radiation of plutonium to the Japan, the situation there is volatile and expert nuclear fear that a generalized release of radioactive materials could increase cancer deaths.
In this context, the project of South Carolina was thrown on the defensive, with the potential buyers of distancing themselves and critics to question its risks to health and his ability to keep the plutonium from the hands of terrorists.
The most likely customer, the Tennessee Valley Authority, has been in discussions with the Federal Department of energy on the use of mox to replace a third of the regular uranium fuel in reactors number - a concentration much greater than the reactor No. 3 of Fukushima Daiichi sinistréeUnité Japanesewhere 6 per cent of the kernel is made of mox. But the VAT said now that it will delay any decision until officials can see how became the mox to Fukushima Daiichi, including hot how fuel and how it has been damaged.
"We study current events to the Japan very closely," said Ray Golden, a spokesman for the utility.
At the same time, opponents of the project in South Carolina scored a regulatory victory this month when a panel of Atomic federal licence, citing "significant public safety and national security issues," ordered new hearings on follow-up plans and save the plutonium used in the plant.
Obama administration officials say that mox is safe, and they remain confident that the project will attract clients once he is also the long and can guarantee a steady supply of fuel. Anne Harrington, who oversees nuclear non-proliferation programs for the Department of energy, noted that six countries outside the Japan had authorized the systematic use of mox fuel. She accused critics of "opportunistic" in an attempt to score political points by capturing on the crisis of the Japan.
"Mox is nothing new," she said.
Despite this, critics say there is a growing probability that South Carolina project cannot go forward and that it will become a main opponent, Edwin Lyman of the Union of Concerned Scientists, called a "factory is zero part" that would give the United States without a path clear for the Elimination of its excess plutonium.
A cheaper alternative, it covering glass, was cancelled in 2002 by the administration of President George w. Bush. The energy at the time Secretary, Spencer Abraham, is now the non-Executive Chairman of the American arm of Areva, a French company which is a major manufacturer of mox as and is primarily responsible for the construction of the plant in South Carolina.
After the cold war, the United States and the Russia were left with stocks of plutonium and the fear is that one or the other would reverse course and use plutonium to new weapons, or which, in that the national academies of sciences called a "clear and present danger" thieves could do with it.
Plutonium is easy to manage because the radiation it produces is persistent, but relatively low. The type used in the arms, the plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years and emits alpha radiation. They make plutonium feel hot to the touch, but are so low that skin easily cease radiation. If taken to the trap inside the body, however, alpha radiation can cause cancer.
At the same time, plutonium is preferable uranium as nuclear bomb fuel because it takes much less to an explosion of equal size. And while it is difficult to work with, it is not required to undergo the complex purification process required for uranium.
The 43 tons of excess plutonium in the American arsenal could fuel up to 10,000 nuclear weapons and even more "dirty bombs" - ordinary explosives which emit radioactive debris. Alternatively, they could feed 43 large reactors for about a year.
After studying a range of options, the Clinton administration decided to construct a mox fuel plant to dispose of a part of plutonium, awarding a contract to a consortium called Shaw Areva Mox Services now.
The rest of the plutonium was to be mixed with highly radioactive and locked glass or ceramic blocks, nuclear waste making it difficult and dangerous for a thief to extract. The Government considered the route of mox to be more expensive, but the dual approach was considered as the insurance should be dismissed.
This strategy also helped to convince Jim Hodges, the Democratic Governor of South Carolina from 1999 to 2003, to sign on shipments of plutonium for the Savannah River Site. When the Bush administration has cancelled the removal of glass-block program, Mr. Hodges was furious.
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